Marine mammal (MM) monitoring was conducted during in-water pile driving (PD) at Hood Canal, Washington, during fall 2011. Monitoring was performed on construction days, during active-construction (“AC”, defined as 30 minutes prior to, during, and 30 minutes after PD) and non-construction (“NC”, downtime) periods. Baseline surveys were also conducted throughout Hood Canal on days when no PD occurred. Monitoring and baseline surveys occurred over 53 days. Marine Mammal Observers (MMOs) recorded 1,207 sightings totaling 2,269 individual MM.

Marine mammal (MM) monitoring was conducted during inwater pile driving (PD) at Naval Base Kitsap Bangor, Washington in Hood Canal during Fall 2011. Vessel-based monitoring was performed on construction days, during both active-construction (“AC”, defined as 30 minutes prior to, during, and 30 minutes after PD) and non-construction (“NC”, downtime) periods. Baseline surveys were also conducted throughout Hood Canal on days when no PD occurred. Monitoring and baseline surveys occurred over 53 days, during which Marine Mammal Observers (MMOs) recorded 1,207 sightings totaling 2,269 individual MM. Species observed included California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus), harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Harbor seals were the most frequently observed MM on construction days (n=782 sightings) and baseline survey days (n=197 sightings). The only cetaceans observed were harbor porpoise (n=68 construction, 34 baseline sightings). Harbor seal sighting rates were lower on construction days than on baseline days (0.73 and 1.80 sightings/observer hour [obs hr], respectively). Likewise, harbor porpoise were sighted less often on construction days than on baseline days (0.13 and 0.31 sightings/obs hr, respectively). On construction days, harbor seal sighting rates were actually higher during AC periods than NC periods (3.31 and 0.23 sightings/obs hr, respectively). This is consistent with MMOs’ qualitative observations that harbor seals (particularly juveniles) appeared to be attracted to PD, and often moved towards the construction area when PD was initiated. On construction days, pinnipeds were most often observed “diving,” “looking,” “sinking,” and “swimming”. During AC, 4% more pinnipeds were observed “diving” vs. NC periods (n=124). On construction days, harbor porpoise were most often observed “traveling”. During AC, 27% fewer harbor porpoise were observed “traveling” vs. NC periods (n=18). Overall, minor behavioral disruptions were observed in relation to PD, and were within “take” numbers in the issued Incidental Harassment Authorization.

Ecologists and managers require accurate population estimates of marine mammals to assess potential anthropogenic threats to these animals. We present estimates of in-water density and abundance of a distinct stock of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) in Hood Canal, Washington, USA. We used aerial line-transect survey data collected from 2013 to 2016 to directly estimate harbor seal density and abundance in the waters of Hood Canal, a deep-water fjord in the Salish Sea. We estimated a correction factor for trackline detection probability from dive and surface time data gathered from regional seal tagging studies, and applied this factor to correct for seals missed on the trackline during surveys.

Passive acoustic monitoring was conducted to detect the presence of marine mammal and anthropogenic sounds in the Navy’s Northwest Training Range Complex (NWTRC) from September 14, 2012 until June 30, 2013. High-frequency Acoustic Recording Packages (HARPs) recorded sounds between 10 Hz and 100 kHz at the shelf slope near Quinault Canyon. Data analysis methods consisted of detection of sounds by analyst scans of long-term spectral averages (LTSAs) and spectrograms, and by automated computer algorithms when possible. The data were divided into three frequency bands for analysis of marine mammal vocalizations and anthropogenic sounds.

To meet information needs of the US Navy, Pacific Fleet Environmental, the National Marine Fisheries Service, Marine Mammal Laboratory in collaboration with Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife conducted a study of adult male California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with two objectives: 1) to estimate the number of sea lions that use Navy Facilities in Puget Sound, Washington and 2) to describe how adult male sea lions utilize the waters of Washington as marine foraging areas. To accomplish this, weekly counts of sea lions were conducted at four Navy Facilities in Puget Sound, Washington (WA) to estimate abundance and satellite dive recorders were deployed on adult male California sea lions to obtain data on the proportion of time the animals were hauled out and their distribution and diving behavior as they foraged in inland and coastal waters.

Passive acoustic monitoring has been conducted along the U.S. west coast, from Central California to Cape Flattery, to monitor movements of endangered Southern resident killer whales (SRKW). Since 2008, four to seventeen Ecological Acoustic Recorders (EARs) have been deployed, depending on the year and available funding. The rate of successful data acquisition has varied each year due to fishery interactions and equipment failures. EARs were programmed to record on a 5–10% duty cycle depending on the year of deployment, resulting in 30–90 seconds of continuous recording every 300–600 seconds with a sampling rate of 25 kHz.

We used passive acoustic monitoring at 15 sites along the coast of Washington State, USA, to assess habitat use patterns of 2 sympatric populations of fish-eating killer whales Orcinus orca: northern residents (NRKW) and southern residents (SRKW).

We integrated opportunistic visual sightings, and the output from an updated state-space movement model fit to the locations from several satellite-tagged Southern Resident killer whales to fill in the detection gaps in the acoustic detections of this population in the coastal waters of the U.S. over a 4-year period when satellite tags were not deployed

In this analysis, we integrate limited acoustic detections over a 7-year period with two other data sources: opportunistic visual sightings, and output from a state-space movement model fit to the locations from a single satellite-tagged individual. We illustrate a case study with an application to endangered Southern Resident killer whales, where the focus is understanding the coastal habitat use of this population in winter and spring months. Predictions from our state-space movement model suggest in winter of 2014, SRKWs spent the highest density of time located off the Columbia River and near Westport. Other areas with concentrated effort included off the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State, and near the Mad and Eel rivers in Northern California.

Autonomous passive acoustic recorders have been used for the past 15 years to monitor the coastal occurrence of Southern Resident killer whales (SRKW), other marine mammals, and anthropogenic noise in and adjacent to the Navy’s NWRTC in Washington State. The five autonomous acoustic recorders in and adjacent to the Navy’s NWTRC were successfully recovered in early September 2021 and new moorings were redeployed at each site.

Remotely deployed telemetry tags were used to assess the movements and occurrence of the whales in the winter, and passive acoustic recorders deployed in areas thought to be frequently used by the whales, were used to assess their seasonal occurrence in these areas. These data will be used to provide information to better understand their seasonal occ

The Southern distinct population segment (sDPS) of green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris is federally listed as a threatened species under the United States (U.S.) Endangered Species Act (ESA). Large aggregations of both the Northern distinct population segment (nDPS) and sDPS of green sturgeon can be found congregating in Washington’s coastal estuaries mid-summer. This provides a unique opportunity to capture and study this elusive species. Existing telemetric data indicates that these fish make long migrations along the Pacific Coast with a possible year-round presence in near-shore marine waters along Washington and Oregon’s coastline. The U.S. Navy is interested in the occurrence of the threatened sDPS of green sturgeon in the Northwest Training and Testing (NWTT) study area, which is offshore of Washington, Oregon, and northern California.

The Southern distinct population segment (DPS) of green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris is federally listed as a threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Large aggregations of both the Northern DPS and Southern DPS of green sturgeon can be found congregating in Washington’s coastal estuaries mid-summer. This provides a unique opportunity to capture and study this elusive species. Existing telemetric data indicates that these fish make long migrations along the Pacific Coast with a possible year-round presence in near-shore marine waters along Washington and Oregon’s coastline. The U.S. Navy is interested in the occurrence of the threatened Southern DPS of green sturgeon in the Northwest Training and Testing (NWTT) study area, which is offshore of Washington, Oregon, and northern California.

Large aggregations of both the Northern distinct population segment (DPS) and ESA-listed Southern DPS of the green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris can be found congregating in Washington’s coastal estuaries mid-summer. This provides a unique opportunity to capture and study this elusive species. Existing telemetric data indicates that these fish make long migrations along the Pacific Coast with a possible year-round presence in near-shore marine waters along Washington and Oregon’s coastline. The U.S. Navy is interested in evaluating the impacts of military training and testing operations to protected species and, for the purpose of this project, is specifically interested in assessing impacts to the threatened Southern DPS of green sturgeon.

The 2018 California Current Ecosystem Survey (CCES) was a joint project of the Marine Mammal and Turtle Division (MMTD) and the Fisheries Resources Division (FRD) of National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC). The survey was conducted over the course of 7 legs aboard the NOAA ship Reuben Lasker between 26 June and 4 December 2018 (Table 1). CCES was an assessment survey for coastal pelagic fish stocks, marine mammals, seabirds, and oceanography along the west coasts of southern Canada (Vancouver Island), US, and northern Mexico (Baja California), out to a distance of approximately 200 nautical miles offshore (Fig. 1). MMTD and FRD worked jointly aboard the vessel during Legs 1 through 4 (OMAO Project No. RL-18-03) (Tables 1, 2a, and 2b), during which the vessel surveyed off the coasts of Vancouver Island and the US West Coast. Only MMTD operations were conducted during Legs 5 through 7 (OMAO Project No. RL-19- 01), during which the vessel surveyed off the US West Coast and Mexico. This document covers the work conducted by MMTD (MMTD Survey No. 1651). Work conducted by FRD is presented separately (Stierhoff et al. 2019).

The U.S. Navy conducts military training and testing in Pacific Northwest range areas to prepare combat-ready military forces, whereas NOAA Fisheries is responsible for managing threatened and endangered species in marine waters and providing permits to the U.S. Navy. NOAA Fisheries and the U.S. Navy share the common goals of minimizing the impact of military training and testing activities on endangered species without compromising training and testing efforts and reducing adverse environmental effects. This work provides vital geographic and distributional data within the Navy’s range areas, allowing the Navy the flexibility to proceed with training and testing while providing protective measures for both salmonids and killer whales. This research jointly studied Chinook salmon and Southern Resident killer whales (SRKW) in the Northwest Training and Testing (NWTT study area) Range. The authors used acoustic telemetry to map salmon behavior and overlap with SRKW occurrence. By tracking Chinook salmon, SRKW's primary prey, the project aims to guide actions to conserve both species. The data will help adjust activities to minimize harm to these protected species. From May to September 2023, 101 Chinook salmon were caught, tagged, and released north of the Columbia River near the Washington Coast. Acoustic transmitters were surgically implanted into the fish, allowing them to be detected by stationary receivers deployed in the ocean, estuaries, and nearby rivers. The fish's locations and movements were recorded and used to Submitted in Support of the U.S. Navy’s 2023 Annual Marine Species Monitoring Report for the Pacific STANDARD FORM 298 Back (Rev. 8/98) assess their spatial distribution and behavior. SRKW detections were also collected from March to October 2023 at 15 passive acoustic moorings on the Washington coast. These acoustic moorings, in combination with the 69 kHz receivers, are currently in operation. All but one of the salmon tagged so far were Snake River spring/summer Chinook ESU and the remaining Chinook origin is yet to be determined. Tasks the are still to be completed include tagging an estimated 60 Chinook salmon and analyzing concurrently collected SRKW data. Spring-run Chinook salmon that are returning to the Columbia River are b

The U.S. Navy requires information about the in-water density and abundance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in various parts of Hood Canal, Washington, to evaluate impacts and estimate exposure to Navy activities that may cause acoustic disturbance (e.g., use of sonar, pile driving, and other marine construction). To determine the best approach for estimating in-water density and abundance of harbor seals in Hood Canal using existing data, a workshop was held in October 2015 in Seattle, Washington, and was attended by experts and scientists with experience in the region. S

We report 20 photo-documented sightings of a blue/fin whale hybrid between 2004 and 2020, in its wintering and summering ranges in the Gulf of California, Mexico, and southern California, USA, respectively. The whale was confirmed to be a hybrid by genetic testing using a reference dataset of non-hybrid blue and fin whales. It was also tracked by satellite for 28 days in 2015, showing its feeding range extended to the Big Sur area of central California. Information is presented to assist in field identification of blue/fin whale hybrids.

The harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena (L., 1758)) used to be common in Puget Sound, Washington, but virtually disappeared from these waters by the 1970s. We conducted systematic aerial line-transect surveys (17 237 km total effort) for harbor porpoises, with the goal of estimating density and abundance in the inland waters of Washington State.

This report summarizes information from 24 U.S. Navy-funded aerial surveys of pinniped haulout sites in the inland waters of Washington State conducted between March 2013 and February 2014 by Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.

Passive acoustic monitoring using High-frequency Acoustic Recording Packages (HARPs) was conducted at two sites in the Navy’s Northwest Training Range Complex; one on the continental shelf near Cape Elizabeth (CE) and the other at the shelf slope near Quinault Canyon (QC). The inshore shelf site was monitored from December 2011 until January 2012, and the offshore shelf slope site was monitored from December 2011 until July 2012. In this report, information on the presence of marine mammals and anthropogenic sounds collected at these sites is presented.

A passive-acoustic glider survey was conducted in the Quinault Range Site (QRS) off the Washington coast between 11 June and 12 July 2012. This glider survey was conducted with funding from the U.S. Navy’s Office of Naval Research (ONR); awards # N00014-10-1-0515 and # N00014-08-1-1082. The survey was part of the development effort of the passive-acoustic Seaglider, which is currently being used for a marine mammal monitoring project funded by U.S. Pacific Fleet through contract N62470-10D-3011, task orders KB23 and KB25, with Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) Pacific. The purpose of this field trial was primarily to test the general functionality of the passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) board and a new onboard acoustic data-storage system (Revision A).

Pacific coast feeding group (PCFG) gray whales are a group of eastern North Pacific gray whales which do not migrate up to the arctic during the summer feeding season. Individuals have been repeatedly sighted in multiple years at locations ranging from northern California to southeast Alaska from late spring through fall (Calambokidis et al. 2002, Swartz et al. 2006). This report presents preliminary data from a satellite tagging project conducted to identify PCFG gray whale movements in and around the Pacific Northwest in association with the United States Navy’s (Navy) Northwest Training Range Complex (NWTRC).

The purpose of this study was to understand the offshore distribution of gray whales and the potential for overlap with Navy activities.

This work is in support of marine species monitoring activities by the United States (US) Navy in its training and testing range complexes in the Pacific Ocean. Specifically, the study seeks to help delineate humpback whale Distinct Population Segments found off the US West Coast, as well as to describe their feeding-season home range, migration to the breeding areas, diving behavior, habitat use, and ecological characteristics.

Twenty-four blue whales [20 location-only tags, 4 Advanced Dive Behavior (ADB) tags] and six fin whales (3 locationonly tags, 3 ADB tags) were tagged in August 2014 between Mugu Canyon, west of Malibu, and San Diego. CA .There was a great deal of individual variation in the tracks of both blue and fin whales, with blue whale locations extending from the northern tip of Vancouver Island in British Columbia to the Costa Rica Dome area off Central America, and those of fin whales extending from southern Oregon to central Baja California

Through the use of satellite telemetry and genetic analyses, this project will provide greater detail on which subpopulations of humpback whales use the Navy activity areas in the North Pacific Ocean. Satellite tag deployments will occur off California and Oregon/Washington (summer/fall 2017) and Hawaii (winter/spring 2018) to track the migrations of humpback whales throughout the Pacific basin for multiple weeks to multiple months after deployment.

This report presents detailed results from the tagging, biopsy sampling, and photo-identification efforts conducted off southern and central California in summer and off Oregon in fall, as well as results from previous OSU studies of humpback whales in California, Oregon, Southeast Alaska, and the Aleutian Islands during 1997–2016.

The purpose of this Cooperative Agreement between Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southwest (NAVFAC SW) and Oregon State University (OSU) is to support marine mammal studies in compliance with the Letters of Authorization and Biological Opinions issued by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to the Navy for activities in all Pacific Ocean testing and training range complexes. With regard to humpback whales, in 2016 NMFS divided the global population into fourteen Distinct Population Segments (DPS) for purposes of listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Four DPS were designated for the North Pacific based on the location of distinct breeding areas (Federal Register 2016a, b): “Western North Pacific”, “Hawaii”, “Mexico”, and “Central America”. The corresponding ESA status is “Endangered” for both the Western North Pacific (estimated at 1,066 animals; Wade 2017) and the Central America DPS (estimated at 783 animals; Wade 2017); “Threatened” for the Mexico DPS (estimated at 2,806 animals; Wade 2017); and “Not Listed” for the Hawaii DPS (estimated at 11,571 animals; Wade 2017) (Federal Register 2016a, b).

Information on green sturgeon occurrence in Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca is needed to ensure that potentially harmful human actions do not impact this species, particularly the southern distinct population segment (DPS), which is listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We reviewed acoustic detection data from 2002 to 2019 for incidence of acoustically tagged green sturgeon in these areas.

This report presents detailed results from the tagging, biopsy sampling, and photo-identification efforts conducted off the coast of northern Washington and central Oregon in summer 2018, as well as results from previous OSU studies of humpback whales in Oregon in 2016 and 2017. Whale use of Navy training and testing areas as well as their use of NMFS-identified Biologically Important Areas (BIAs) is examined and assignment to various DPSs (based on tracking, genetic, and photographic information) is discussed. Comparisons are made to tracking results from humpback whales tagged by OSU in California in 2004, 2005, and 2017 (presented in Mate et al. 2018a). For the 2018 data, this report also presents detailed dive behavior analyses and ecological relationships between whale locations and oceanographic conditions.

This report presents results from field efforts conducted off the coast of northern Washington (NWA) in summer and fall 2019, as well as results from previous OSU studies of humpback whales in southern and central California (SCCA), northern California and Oregon (NCA/OR), and NWA from 2004 to 2018.

For this report, killer whale signals were analyzed for periods of deployment from January 2011 – April 2014 in order to determine the seasonal occurrence and distribution of different killer whale ecotypes at these sites.

Harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are the only cetaceans routinely sighted in Hood Canal, a narrow fjord that comprises the western edge of Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Harbor porpoises are sensitive to anthropogenic sounds, including noise from recreational and commercial vessel traffic, and the United States Navy, which conducts military training and testing within Hood Canal that can include underwater sound sources. This study was funded as part of the Navy monitoring program to assess potential impacts of naval activities on cetaceans. We conducted vessel-based line-transect surveys for harbor porpoises in Hood Canal in 2022–2023 to derive seasonal estimates of abundance and density.

The Pacific Offshore killer whale population is currently listed as data deficient on the IUCN Red List and Threatened in Canada. The population is estimated at 300 individuals with a range extending from Southern California to the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. Only 157 encounters with this ecotype have been photo-documented between 1988 and 2014; consequently, movement and behavioral data are limited and restricted to areas commonly surveyed. To better understand movements, habitat use, and diving behavior, we deployed seven dart-attached satellite tags during two encounters with Offshores off California and one encounter off Washington State in 2013.

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is an iconic species found throughout the North Pacific Ocean and supports valuable subsistence, commercial and recreational fisheries. In addition to its importance to fisheries, Chinook salmon is an important food source for many apex marine predators, including endangered Southern Resident killer whales (Orcinus orca). Currently, coast-wide changes in Chinook salmon population demographics and production have been documented from western Alaska to California, including several Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) from the United States (U.S.) Pacific Northwest (PNW) that are protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA).

We construct the first coastwide state-space model for fall Chinook salmon tagged fish released from California to British Columbia between 1977 and 1990 to estimate seasonal ocean distribution along the west coast of North America.

Steelhead trout populations have been declining along Washington State's coast, with limited information about their ocean distribution and movement timing. Steelhead can travel long distances and spawn multiple times, with repeat spawners being more productive. In this study, the authors aimed to understand post-spawn steelhead movements using acoustic telemetry and pop-up satellite tags (PSAT) to determine the location and timing of winter-run steelhead within the Northwest Training and Testing (NWTT) area in 2021. Acoustic telemetry showed that 73.5% of wild fish tagged during their upstream migration died on or near spawning grounds.

Three acoustic tag glider deployments were conducted in Washington's (WA) coastal portion of the Northwest Training and Testing (NWTT) Study Area between September 2019 and June 2020. This survey was conducted with funding from the U.S. Navy Pacific Fleet to determine the utility of glider-based acoustic tag detection in a highly mobile fish, Chinook salmon. The primary objective was to expand the detection range of a U.S. Navy-funded stationary, moored acoustic tag receiver array by extending the detection beyond the shelf edge and in other deeper locations, such as marine canyons where the moored acoustic receiver units were not feasible to deploy.

The migration route and timing of Chinook salmon along the coast of Washington State is not well understood. To determine when and where Chinook salmon of different genetic stocks enter and transit through the U.S. Navy Northwest Training and Testing Area (NWTT) we tagged 298 maturing adult salmon across five locations throughout the Gulf of Alaska.

The Northwest Fisheries Science Center is currently conducting a study to characterize the occurrence of Chinook salmon within the Northwest Training and Testing area (NWTT).

The Northwest Fisheries Science Center is currently conducting a study to characterize the occurrence of Chinook salmon within the Northwest Training and Testing area (NWTT).

The Northwest Fisheries Science Center is currently conducting a study to characterize the occurrence of Chinook salmon within the Northwest Training and Testing area (NWTT).

This study aims to improve the understanding of the extent to which bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), a threatened species, exhibit anadromous behavior or migrate between freshwater and saltwater environments, between coastal rivers on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state and adjacent to the Navy’s Northwest Training and Testing (NWTT) Study Area

The Northwest Fisheries Science Center is currently conducting a study to characterize the occurrence of Chinook salmon within the Northwest Training and Testing area (NWTT).

From 2013 to 2016, we conducted systematic line-transect aerial surveys in 8 sub-regions of Puget Sound encompassing inland waters of Washington State. U.S.-funded surveys were conducted year-round and focused on estimating seasonal in-water density and abundance of marine mammals, particularly harbor porpoises and harbor seals

From 2013 to 2015, researchers conducted systematic line-transect aerial surveys for marine mammals in eight subregions of Puget Sound encompassing inland waters of Washington State. Effort consisted of five separate survey periods spanning four seasons (winter, spring, summer and fall) and was funded by the United States Navy (Navy). Surveys focused on estimating seasonal in-water density and abundance of cetaceans, particularly harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena).

Seasonal systematic aerial surveys of Puget Sound.

Although harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) were historically common in Puget Sound in the 1940s, their abundance declined in successive decades, with no individuals observed in southern Puget Sound during 1994 aerial and vessel surveys. Since 2009, sightings, strandings and acoustic detections have increased, suggesting their recolonization of Puget Sound. We present the first regional and seasonal density estimates of harbor porpoise available for Puget Sound waters since the 1990s. We conducted systematic line-transect aerial surveys for marine mammals in eight sub-regions of Puget Sound in 2013-2015 during spring, summer and fall, funded by the U.S. Navy.

Characterizing Behavior Distribution Salmonids Whales Offshore Marine Waters Washington

The Southern distinct population segment (sDPS) of green sturgeon Acipenser medirostris is federally listed as a threatened species under the United States (U.S.) Endangered Species Act (ESA). Large aggregations of both the Northern distinct population segment (nDPS) and sDPS of green sturgeon can be found congregating in Washington’s coastal estuaries mid-summer. This provides a unique opportunity to capture and study this elusive species. Existing telemetric data indicates that these fish make long migrations along the Pacific Coast with a possible year-round presence in near-shore marine waters along Washington and Oregon’s coastline. The U.S. Navy is interested in the occurrence of the threatened sDPS of green sturgeon in the Northwest Training and Testing (NWTT) study area (offshore of Washington, Oregon, and northern California).

Underwater ambient and anthropogenic sounds were recorded over multiple years at two U.S. Navy training areas, one in the Gulf of Alaska and the other offshore of the northwest coast of the continental U.S. The Gulf of Alaska Temporary Maritime Activities Area (GATMAA) was acoustically monitored for marine mammal, ambient, and anthropogenic sounds from July 2011 to September 2015. The Northwest Training Range Complex (NWTRC) was also monitored for sounds from marine mammals, ambient soundscape, and anthropogenic sources from September 2004 to May 2014.